Category Archives: Open Source

Open Source, Free Software, and similar

cURL and libcurl

twenty-five years of curl

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Time flies when you are having fun. Today is curl‘s 25th birthday.

The curl project started out very humbly as a small renamed URL transfer tool that almost nobody knew about for the first few years. It scratched a personal itch of mine,

Me back then

I made that first curl release and I’ve packaged every single release since. The day I did that first curl release I was 27 years old and I worked as a software engineer for Frontec Tekniksystem, where I mostly did contract development on embedded systems for larger Swedish product development companies. For a few years in the late 90s I would for example do quite a few projects at and for the telecom giant Ericsson.

I have enjoyed programming and development ever since I got my first computer in the mid 80s. In the 1990s I had already established a daily schedule where I stayed up late when my better half went to bed at night, and I spent another hour or two on my spare time development. This is basically how I have manged to find time to devote to my projects the first few decades. Less sleep. Less other things.

Gradually and always improving

The concept behind curl development has always been to gradually and iteratively improve all aspects of it. Keep behavior, but enhance the code, add test cases, improve the documentation. Over and over, year after year. It never stops. As the timeline below helps showing.

Similarly, there was no sudden specific moment when suddenly curl became popular and the number of users skyrocketed. Instead, the number of users and the popularity of the tool and library has gradually and continuously grown. In 1998 there were few users. By 2010 there were hundreds of millions.

We really have no idea exactly how many users or installations of libcurl there are now. It is easy to estimate that it runs in way more than ten billion installations purely based on the fact that there are 7 billion smart phones and 1 billion tablets in the world , and we know that each of them run at least one, but likely many more curl installs.

Before curl

My internet transfer journey started in late 1996 when I downloaded httpget 0.1 to automatically download currency rates daily to make my currency exchange converter work correctly for my IRC bot. httpget had some flaws so I sent back fixes, but Rafael, the author, quickly decided I could rather take over maintenance of the thing. So I did.

I added support for GOPHER, change named of the project, added FTP support and then in early 1998 I started adding FTP upload support as well…

1998

The original curl logo.

On March 20 1998, curl 4.0 was released and it was already 2,200 lines of code on its birthday because it was built on the projects previously named httpget and urlget. It then supported three protocols: HTTP, GOPHER and FTP and featured 24 glorious command line options.

The first release of curl was not that special event since I had been shipping httpget and urlget releases for over a year already, so while this was a new name it was also “just another release” as I had done many times already.

We would add HTTPS and TELNET support already the first curl year, which also introduced the first ever curl man page. curl started out GPL licensed but I switched to MPL already within that first calendar year 1998.

The first SSL support was powered by SSLeay. The project that in late 1998 would transition over into becoming OpenSSL.

In August 1998, we added curl on the open source directory site freshmeat.net.

The first curl web page was published at http://www.fts.frontec.se/~dast. (the oldest version archived by the wayback machine is from December 1998)

In November 1998 I added a note to the website about the mind-blowing success as the latest release had been downloaded 300 times! Success and popularity were far from instant.

Screenshot from the curl website of November 1998

During this first year, we shipped 20 curl releases. We have never repeated that feat again.

1999

We created the first configure script, added support for cookies and appeared as a package in Debian Linux.

The curl website moved to http://curl.haxx.nu.

We added support for DICT, LDAP and FILE through the year. Now supporting 8 protocols.

In the last days of 1999 we imported the curl code to the cool new service called Sourceforge. All further commit counts in curl starts with this import. December 29, 1999.

2000

Privately, I switched jobs early 2000 but continued doing embedded contract development during my days.

The rules for the TLD .se changed and we moved the curl website to curl.haxx.se.

I got married.

In August 2000, we shipped curl 7.1 and things changed. This release introduced the library we decided to call libcurl because we couldn’t come up with a better name. At this point the project were at 17,200 lines of code.

The libcurl API was inspired by how fopen() works and returns just an opaque handle, and how ioctl() can be used to set options.

Creating a library out of curl was an idea I had almost from the beginning, as I’ve already before that point realized the power a good library can bring to applications.

The first CVE for curl was reported.

Users found the library useful and increased the curl uptake. One of the first early adopters of libcurl was the PHP language, which decided to use libcurl as their default HTTP/URL transfer engine.

We created the first test suite.

2001

We changed the license and offered curl under the new curl license (effectively MIT) as well as MPL. The idea to slightly modify the curl license was a crazy one, but the reason for that has been forgotten.

We added support for HTTP/1.1 and IPv6.

In June, the THANKS file counted 67 named contributors. This is a team effort. We surpassed 1,100 total commits in March and in July curl was 20,000 lines of code.

Apple started bundling curl with Mac OS X when curl 7.7.2 shipped in Mac OS X 10.1.

2002

The test suite contained 79 test cases.

We dropped the MPL option. We would never again play the license change game.

We added support for gzip compression over HTTP and learned how to use SOCKS proxies.

2003

The curl “autobuild” system was introduced: volunteers run scripts on their machines that download, build and run the curl tests frequently and email back the results to our central server for reporting and analyses. Long before modern CI systems made these things so much easier.

We added support for Digest, NTLM and Negotiate authentication for HTTP.

In August we offered 40 individual man pages.

Support for FTPS was added, protocol number 9.

My first child, Agnes, was born.

I forked the ares project and started the c-ares project to provide and maintain a library for doing asynchronous name resolves – for curl and others. This project has since then also become fairly popular and widely used.

2004

At the beginning of 2003, curl was 32,700 lines of code.

We made curl support “large files”, which back then meant supporting files larger than 2 and 4 gigabytes.

We implemented support for IDN, International Domain Names.

2005

GnuTLS become the second supported TLS library. Users could now select which TLS library they wanted their build to use.

Thanks to a grant from the Swedish “Internetfonden”, I took a leave of absence from work and could implement the first version of the multi_socket() API to allow applications to do more parallel transfers faster.

git was created and they quickly adopted curl for their HTTP(S) transfers.

TFTP became the 10th protocol curl supports.

2006

We decided to drop support for “third party FTP transfers” which made us bump the SONAME because of the modified ABI. The most recent such bump. It triggered some arguments. We learned how tough bumping the SONAME can be to users.

The wolfSSL precursor called cyassl became the third SSL library curl supported.

We added support for HTTP/1.1 Pipelining and in the later half of the year I accepted a contract development work for Adobe and added support for SCP and SFTP.

As part of the SCP and SFTP work, I took a rather big step into and would later become maintainer of the libssh2 project. This project is also pretty widely used.

I had a second child, my son Rex.

2007

Now at 51,500 lines of code we added support for a fourth SSL library: NSS

We added support for LDAPS and the first port to OS/400 was merged.

For curl 7.16.1 we added support for --libcurl. Possibly my single favorite curl command line option. Generate libcurl-using source code repeating the command line transfer.

In April, curl had 348 test cases.

2008

By now the command line tool had grown to feature 126 command line options. A 5x growth during curl’s ten first years.

In March we surpassed 10,000 commits.

I joined the httpbis working group mailing list and started slowly to actively participate within the IETF and the work on the HTTP protocol.

Solaris ships curl and libcurl. The Adobe flash player on Linux uses libcurl.

In September the total count of curl contributors reached 654.

2009

On FLOSS Weekly 51, I talked about curl on a podcast for the first time.

We introduced support for building curl with cmake. A decision that is still being discussed and questioned if it actually helps us. To make the loop complete, cmake itself uses libcurl.

In July the IETF 75 meeting was held in Stockholm, my home town, and this was the first time I got to physically meet several of my personal protocol heroes that created and kept working on the HTTP protocol: Mark, Roy, Larry, Julian etc.

In August, I quit my job to work for my own company Haxx, but still doing contracted development. Mostly doing embedded Linux by then.

Thanks to yet another contract, I introduced support for IMAP(S), SMTP(S) and POP3(S) to curl, bumping the number of supported protocols to 19.

I was awarded the Nordic Free Software Award 2009. For my work on curl, c-ares and libssh2.

2010

We added support for RTSP, and RTMP(S).

PolarSSL became the 6th supported SSL library.

We switched version control system from CVS to git and at the same time we switched hosting from Sourceforge to GitHub. From this point on we track authorship of commits correctly and appropriately, something that was much harder to do with CVS.

Added support for the AxTLS library. The 7th.

2011

Over 80,000 lines of code.

The cookie RFC 6265 shipped. I was there and did some minor contributions for it.

We introduced the checksrc script that verifies that source code adheres to the curl code style. Started out simple, has improved and been made stricter over time.

I got a thank you from Googlers which eventually landed me some Google swag.

We surpassed 100 individual committers.

2012

149 command line options.

Added support for Schannel and Secure Transport for TLS.

When I did an attempt at a vanity count of number of curl users, I ended up estimating they were 550 million. This was one of the earlier realizations of mine that man, curl is everywhere!

During the entire year of 2012, there were 67 commit authors.

2013

Added support for GSKit, a TLS library mostly used on OS/400. The 10th supported TLS library.

In April the number of contributors had surpassed 1,000 and we reached over 800 test cases.

We refactored the internals to make sure everything is done non-blocking and what we call “use multi internally” so that the easy interface is just a wrapper for a multi transfer.

The initial attempts at HTTP/2 support were merged (powered by the great nghttp2 library) as well as support for doing connects using the Happy Eyeballs approach.

We created our first two CI jobs.

2014

I started working for Mozilla in the Firefox networking team, remotely from my house in Sweden. For the first time in my career, I would actually work primarily with networking and HTTP etc with a significant overlap with what curl is and does. Up until this point, the two sides of my life had been strangely separated. Mozilla allowed me to spend some work hours on curl.

At 161 command line options and 20 reported CVEs.

59 man pages exploded into 270 man pages in July when every libcurl option got its own separate page.

We added support for the libressl OpenSSL fork and removed support for QsoSSL. Still at 10 supported TLS libraries.

In September, there was 105,000 lines of code.

Added support for SMB(S). 24 protocols.

2015

Added support for BoringSSL and mbedTLS.

We introduced support for doing proper multiplexed transfers using HTTP/2. A pretty drastic paradigm change in the architecture when suddenly multiple transfers would share a single connection. Lots of refactors and it took a while until HTTP/2 support got stable.

It followed by our first support for HTTP/2 server push.

We switched over to the GitHub working model completely, using its issue tracker and doing pull-requests.

The first HTTP/2 RFC was published in May. I like to think I contributed a little bit to the working group effort behind it.

My HTTP/2 work this year was in part sponsored by Netflix and it was a dance to make that happen while still employed by and working for Mozilla.

20,000 commits.

I started writing everything curl.

We also added support for libpsl, using the Public Suffix List for better cookie handling.

2016

curl switched to using HTTP/2 by default for HTTPS transfers.

In May, curl feature 185 command line options.

We got a new logo, the present one. Designed by Adrian Burcea at Soft Dreams.

Added support for HTTPS proxies and TLS 1.3.

curl was audited by Cure 53.

A Swedish tech site named me 2nd best developer in Sweden. Because of my work on curl.

At 115,500 lines of code at the end of the year.

2017

curl got support for building with and using multiple TLS libraries and doing the choice of which to use at start-up.

Fastly reached out and graciously and generously started hosting the curl website as well as my personal website. This help putting the end to previous instabilities when blog posts got too popular for my site to hold up and it made the curl site snappier for more people around the globe. They have remained faithful sponsors of the project ever since.

In the spring of 2017, we had our first ever physical developers conference, curl up, as twenty something curl fans and developers went to Nuremberg, Germany to spend a weekend doing nothing but curl stuff.

In June I was denied traveling to the US. This would subsequently take me on a prolonged and painful adventure trying to get a US visa.

The first SSLKEYLOGFILE support landed, we introduced the new MIME API and support for brotli compression.

The curl project was adopted into the OSS-Fuzz project, which immediately started to point out mistakes in our code. They have kept fuzzing curl nonstop since then.

In October, I was awarded the Polhem Prize. Sweden’s oldest and probably most prestigious engineering award. This prize was established and has been awarded since 1876. A genuine gold medal, handed over to me by no other than his majesty the king of Sweden. The medal even has my name engraved.

2018

Added support for DNS over HTTPS and the new URL API was introduced to allow applications to parse URLs the exact same way curl does it.

I joined the Changelog podcast and talked about curl turning 20.

Microsoft started shipping curl bundled with Windows. But the curl alias remains.

We introduced support for a second SSH library, so now SCP and SFTP could be powered by libssh in addition to the already supported libssh2 library.

We added support for MesaLink but dropped support for AxTLS. At 12 TLS libraries.

129,000 lines of code. Reached 10,000 stars on GitHub.

To accept a donation it was requested we create an account with Open Collective, and so we did. It has since been a good channel for the project to receive donations and sponsorships.

In November 2018 it was decided that the HTTP-over-QUIC protocol should officially become HTTP/3.

At 27 CI jobs at the end of the year. Running over 1200 test cases.

2019

I started working for wolfSSL, doing curl full-time. It just took 21 years to make curl my job.

We added support for Alt-Svc and we removed support for the always so problematic HTTP/1.1 Pipelining.

We introduced our first curl bug bounty program and we have effectively had a bug bounty running since. In association with hackerone. We have paid almost 50,000 USD in reward money for 45 vulnerabilities (up to Feb 2023).

Added support for AmiSSL and BearSSL: at 14 libraries.

We merged initial support for HTTP/3, powered by the quiche library, and a little later also with a second library: ngtcp2. Because why not do many backends?

We started offering curl in an “official” docker image.

2020

The curl tool got parallel transfer powers, the ability to output data in JSON format with -w and the scary --help output was cleaned up and arranged better into subcategories.

In March, for curl 7.69.0, I started doing release video presentations, live-streamed.

The curl website moved to curl.se and everything curl moved over to the curl.dev domain.

MQTT become the 25th supported protocol.

The first support for HSTS was added, as well as support for zstd compression.

wolfSSH became the third supported SSH library.

We removed support for PolarSSL.

Initial support for hyper as an alternative backend for HTTP/1 and HTTP/2.

In November, in the middle of Covid, I finally got a US visa.

The 90th CI job was created just before the end of the year.

2021

Dropped support for MesaLink but added support for rustls. At 13 TLS libraries.

Ingenuity landed on Mars, and curl helped it happen.

Received a very unpleasant death threat over email from someone deeply confused, blaming me for all sorts of bad things that happened to him.

Reached 20,000 stars on GitHub.

Supports GOPHERS. 26 protocols.

187 individuals authored commits that were merged during the year.

2022

Merged initial support WebSocket (WS:// and WSS:// URLs) and a new API for handling it. At 28 protocols.

We added the --json command line option and libcurl got a new header API, which then also made the command line tool get new “header picking” ability added to -w. We also added --rate and --url-query.

The HTTP/3 RFC was published in June.

msh3 become the third supported HTTP/3 library.

Trail of Bits did a curl security audit, sponsored by OpenSSF.

The 212th curl release was done in December. Issue 10,000 was created on GitHub.

2023

At the start of the year: 155,100 lines of code. 486 man pages. 1560 test cases. 2,771 contributors. 1,105 commit authors. 132 CVEs. 122 CI jobs. 29,733 commits. 48,580 USD rewarded in bug-bounties. 249 command line options. 28 protocols. 13 TLS libraries. 3 SSH libraries. 3 HTTP/3 libraries.

Introduce support for HTTP/3 with fall-back to older versions, making it less error-prone to use it.

On March 13 we surpassed 30,000 commits.

On March 20, we release curl 8.0.0. Exactly 25 years since the first curl release.

Staying relevant

Over the last 25 years we have all stopped using and forgotten lots of software, tools and services. Things come and go. Everything has its time and lots of projects simply do not keep up and gets replaced by something else at some point.

I like to think that curl is still a highly relevant software project with lots of users and use cases. I want to think that this is partly because we maintain it intensely and with both care and love. We make it do what users want it to do. Keep up, keep current, run the latest versions, support the latest security measures, be the project you would like to use and participate. Lead by example.

My life is forever curl tinted

Taking curl this far and being able to work full time on my hobby project is a dream come real. curl is a huge part of my life.

Me, on vacation in Portugal in 2019.

This said, curl is a team effort and it would never have taken off or become anything real without all our awesome contributors. People will call me “the curl guy” and some will say that it is “my” project, but everyone who has ever been close to the project knows that we are many more in the team than just me.

25 years

That day found httpget I was 26 years old. I was 27 by the time I shipped curl. I turned 52 last November.

I’ve worked on curl longer than I’ve worked for any company. None of my kids are this old. 25 years ago I did not live in my house yet. 25 years ago Google didn’t exist and neither did Firefox.

Many current curl users were not even born when I started working on it.

Beyond twenty-five

I feel obligated to add this section because people will ask.

I don’t know what the future holds. I was never good at predictions or forecasts and frankly I always try to avoid reading tea leaves. I hope to stay active in the project and to continue working with client-side internet transfers for as long as it is fun and people want to use the results of my work.

Will I be around in the project in another 25 years? Will curl still be relevant then? I don’t know. Let’s find out!

cURL and libcurl

curl 25 years online celebration

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curl turns 25 years old and what better way to celebrate this than to join fellow curl friends, developers and fans online on the exact birthday?

At 17:00 UTC March 20, 2023. We run an Online birthday party open for everyone to join.

Consider muting yourself when you join, but feel encouraged to leave the camera on. Click the link above to get the time for your location. It is within this weird period between the US has switched to daylight saving time while Europe has not yet switched.

Bowmore. 25 years old.

If it works out, I will do a presentation walking over the bigger changes done over the years while sipping on the 25 year old single malt I have arranged for the occasion. With the ability for everyone to ask questions or otherwise contribute.

The meeting might be recorded and made available for watching after the fact.

The actual links needed to join or watch the celebrations will be added to this blog post closer to the event start.

Date: March 20 2023
Time: 17:00 UTC March 20, 2023
Where: Online

The event will be live-streamed.

Zoom meeting link

Say congrats?

Please express whatever you feel like in regards to curl’s 25th birthday in this discussion thread setup for this purpose.

cURL and libcurl, Security

NVD makes up vulnerability severity levels

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When a security vulnerability has been found and confirmed in curl, we request a CVE Id for the issue. This is a global unique identifier for this specific problem. We request the ID from our CVE Numbering Authority (CNA), Hackerone, which once we make the issue public will publish all details about it to MITRE, which hosts the central database.

In the curl project we have until today requested CVE Ids for and provided information about 135 vulnerabilities spread out over twenty-five years.

A CVE identifier affects a specific product (or set of products), and the problem affects the product from a version until a fixed version. And then there is a severity. How bad is the problem?

CVSS score

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a way to grade severity on a scale from zero to ten. You typically use a CVSS calculator, fill in the info as good as you can and voilá, out comes a score.

The ranges have corresponding names:

NameRange
Lowlower 4
Medium4.0-6.9
High7.0-8.9
Critical9 or higher

CVSS is a shitty system

Anyone who ever gets a problem reported for their project and tries to assess and set a CVSS score will immediately realize what an imperfect, simplified and one-dimensional concept this is.

The CVSS score leaves out several very important factors like how widespread the affected platform is, how common the affected configuration is and yet it is still very subjective as you need to assess as and mark different things as None, Low, Medium or High.

The same bug is therefore likely to end up with different CVSS scores depending on who fills in the form – even when the persons are familiar with the product and the error in question.

curl severity

In the curl project we decided to abandon CVSS years ago because of its inherent problems. Instead we use only the four severity names: Low, Medium, High, and Critical and we work out the severity together in the curl security team as we work on the vulnerability. We make sure we understand the problem, the risks, its prevalence and more. We take all factors into account and then we set a severity level we think helps the world understand it.

All security vulnerabilities are vulnerabilities and therefore security risks, even the ones set to severity Low, but having the correct severity is still important in messaging and for the rest of the world to get a better picture of how serious the issue is. Getting the right severity is important.

NVD

Let me introduce yet another player in this game. The National Vulnerability Database (NVD). (And no, it’s not “national” really).

NVD hosts a database of vulnerabilities. All CVEs that are submitted to MITRE are sucked in into NVD’s database. NVD says it “performs analysis on CVEs that have been published to the CVE Dictionary“.

That last sentence is probably important.

NVD imports CVEs into their database and they in turn offer other databases to import vulnerabilities from them. One large and known user of the NVD database is this I mentioned in a recent blog post: GitHub Security Advisory Database (GHSA DB) .

GHSA DB

This GitHub thing an ambitious database that subsequently hosts a lot of vulnerabilities that people and projects reported themselves in addition to them importing information about all vulnerabilities ever published with CVE Ids.

This creates a huge database that in theory should contain just about every software vulnerability ever reported in the public. Pretty cool.

Enter reality

NVD, in their great wisdom, rescores the CVSS score for CVE Ids they import into their database! (It’s not clear how or why, but they seem to not do it for all issues).

NVD decides they know better than the project that set the severity level for the issue, enters their own answers in the CVSS calculator and eventually sets that new score on the CVEs they import.

NVD clearly thinks they need to do this and that they improve the state of the CVEs by this practice, but the end result is close to scaremongering.

Result

Because NVD sets their own severity level and they have some sort of “worst case” approach, virtually all issues that NVD sets severity for is graded worse or much worse when they do it than how we set the severity levels.

Let’s take an example: CVE-2022-42915: HTTP proxy double-free. We deemed this a medium severity. It was not made higher partly because of the very limited time-window between the two frees, making it harder to take advantage of.

What did NVD say? Severity 9.8: critical. See the same issue on GitHub.

Yes, it makes you wonder what magic insights and knowledge the person/bots on NVD possessed when they did this.

Scaremongering

The different severity levels should not matter too much but people find those inflated ones and they believe them. Users also find the discrepancies, get confused and won’t know what to believe or whom to trust. After all, NVD is trust-inducing brand. People think they know their stuff and if they say critical and the curl project says medium, what are we expected to think?

I claim that NVD overstate their severity levels and there unnecessarily scares readers and make them think issues are worse and more dangerous than they actually are.

The fact that GitHub now imports all CVE data from NVD makes these severity levels get transported, shown and believed as they are now also shown in the GHSA DB.

Look how many critical issues there are!

Not exactly GitHub’s fault

This NVD habit of re-scoring is an old existing habit and I just recently learned it. GitHub’s displaying the severity levels highlighted it for me, especially since users out there seem to trust and use this GitHub database.

I have talked to humans on the GitHub database team and I push for them to ignore or filter out the severity levels as set by NVD, if possible. But me being just a single complaining maintainer I do not expect this to have much of an effect. I would urge NVD to stop this insanity if I had any way to.

Hackerone glitches?

(Updated after first post). It turns out that some CVEs that we have filed from the curl project that uses our CNA hackerone have been submitted to MITRE without any severity level or CVSS score at all. For such issues, I of course understand why someone would put their own score on the issue because then our originally set score/severity is not passed on. Then the “blame” is instead shifted to Hackerone. I have contacted them about it.

Dispute a CVSS

NVD provides a way to dispute their rescores, but that’s just an open free-text form. I have use that form to request that NVD stop rescoring all curl issues. Although I honestly think they should rather stop all rescoring and only do that in the rare occasions where the original score or severity is obviously wrong.

I cannot dispute the severity levels at GitHub. They show the NVD levels.

cURL and libcurl

The curl nuget story

4 Comments

Recently there has been an interesting debate in the Open Source world where people have objected to being called “Suppliers” as in Supply Chain Security when you are but an Open Source developer offering your code to the world for free and at no cost but also without any warranties. That is not a supplier, that’s just a creator.

A supplier would have some form of relationship or contract with the users of your code.

Terminology is difficult and yet powerful but changing what words we use for certain things is an uphill fight. I suspect we will keep using the term supplier even when we are not under contract.

Responsible suppliers

Over the last few years the Open Source ecosystem have gotten attention when serious security flaws have been found and exploited, like log4shell and similar. It has brought the discussions to a higher level and now we talk about SBOMs and what responsibility “suppliers” and users of software based products have.

Already back when I participated in the meeting with the Cyber Safety Review Board the Open Source people present stressed – in unison – that the security problems are rarely problems in the upstream Open Source projects:

Most popular and widely used Open Source projects fix our security problem really fast, in a responsibly manner and provide information and fixes within a time period few proprietary software vendors match.

The issue is rather that the fixed versions are not being used. Things remain unpatched and running old, stale, versions because upgrading is hard and has a cost attached to it. Many stick to not upgrading their product and rather make the bet that whatever problem that practice might bring in the future, it is cheaper than doing upgrades. Capitalism.

Intermediate “suppliers”

Then there are intermediates. There are suppliers of software that are sitting in-between the producer of the code and the end user of it. They are for example Linux Distribution. They package Open Source products and provide them to users in a convenient way for users to install what they select. They take the role of the supplier.

Package manager responsibilities

Open Source software distribution depends on intermediates: package managers and curators. It would be highly impractical to try to use the universe of existing code without them.

This however puts a lot of power and responsibility in the hands of these package managers.

Download sites 2.0

In the early days of the Internet software was often provided via “download sites”. Websites featuring basically a catalog of software to which they allowed anyone to upload software to, and everyone to download whatever software they wanted from.

Those systems ended up highly criticized because they were too easily used to spread viruses or other malware. Over time we have switched to “package managers” which (usually) work in slightly more intelligent manners with package verification and more.

But not all package managers are sane package managers. Some of them are just download sites under a different name. Intermediates who do not accept their responsibilities as software suppliers.

Hello nuget

“NuGet is the package manager for .NET” is the exact quote from their website.

NuGet is run by Microsoft (which gives it an official sounding status and flare), but packages are built and provided by volunteers. It is unclear to me what kind of checks, if any, that are done on the packages before they are allowed to get distributed by nuget to end users. I looked through their docs but I found no mention of this.

In early March 2023, I went to the nuget site and I searched for “curl”. I got a match for what is a packaged curl version and detailed instructions of how to install it.

On this curl page, it links to the curl project page and the libcurl landing page. For a casual user it probably looks official enough. It also mentions how users have downloaded curl 137,000 times from there. 3,388 is said to have downloaded curl in the last six weeks – proving that this page still tricks people.

A more experienced curler might spot that it links to the old curl domain name (which we moved away from two plus years ago) and that the links use http:// (not https), which we all collectively stopped doing many years ago.

This curl version is almost ten years old. curl 7.30.0 was released in April 2013.

By using this official-sounding package manager to install what sounds like an official package, you get a curl package from a decade ago.

At the moment of this writing, curl 7.30.0 has been reported to have 68 individual security problems. Problems that have all since been fixed in later versions.

Report it? Sure, you would think so…

I reported this as an issue to NuGet on February 27 and asked them to remove this severely outdated package. Now that Windows 10 and 11 ship curl bundled already, and the curl project offers fresh official Windows builds.

(I would not be able to personally provide an update or “take over” responsibility for this package.)

The Nuget team responded after just six hours:

Thank you for contacting support for the NuGet.org website. We do not support individual NuGet packages. Please contact the package owner directly using the “Contact owners” link on the package details page.

(The response email was also riddled with references to Microsoft, there is no doubt this is an official service. )

I did not ask for support of this package, but okay, I proceeded and contacted the owner of this package via another form. I asked them to either remove the package from nuget or to upgrade it to a modern version as soon as possible. Apparently the nuget admins do not consider this to be a problem worth addressing.

The owner of the nuget curl package is called coapp, and is responsible for a whole series of packages, most of them seem to be packaged in the same style. Their 57 packages have been download 1.8 million times and I could only spot one of them as updated after 2015. Most of them have not been touched since 2013. The curl package is just the one that triggered me. There are probably about 55 other packages that should be updated or removed as well.

Someone pointed out to me that coapp was also the name of some kind of Windows build tool/system, that according to nuget’s own GitHub issue was declared dead already in 2016. They sound related.

When coapp (the owner of the curl package) had not responded after 16 hours, I tried another approach: I could report this package as vulnerable to security problems. I mean, I know for sure it is vulnerable for 68 errors that are well explained (and I wrote every single one of the explanations). But it did not succeed either.

When I tried to report this as a security problem, I could either report a problem with a Microsoft product and get linked over to their site for this purpose, or get informed that if there is a problem with a non-Microsoft package I should just instead contact the owner…

So I took it to Twitter. I posted a four-tweet mini-rant about the situation and got several responses from the right people within minutes.

I was also contacted over email and a conversation started. To their credit, they say that they started the conversation internally already before my Twitter rant based on my initial report, but did not inform me about it.

Unlisted

Not even 24 hours after my Twitter post, the curl package on nuget was “unlisted”. Meaning it is no longer found by search on the site and it was made to feature this big warning message on the top (if you still knew how to go to the URL):

For me, this is certainly good enough. A user can no longer get tricked into believing this is a fine package to install without understanding that there are sever risks involved.

I also specifically told the nuget team that this is not a unique situation for curl. There are numerous other packages in the exact same situation. Like several (most?) of the other packages the same owner published and hasn’t updated since 2013. This is a systemic failure, not a single instance. Every package can not have someone yell on Twitter about their situations.

GitHub Advisory Database

Why did the nuget team not know about the 68 vulnerabilities that affected the curl version they hosted?

They “blame” the fact that they use the GitHub Security Advisory Database (GHSA DB) to lookup this in, and yeah, not a single curl issue matched!!

This, because the GHSA DB machine-imports all details about CVEs from MITRE but they apparently cannot set the metadata correctly so there are no issues for a package called “curl”. You can free-text search it to find the curl issues, but they don’t have the metadata fields set correctly, like package name, affected versions or patched versions.

It really does not scale or work at any level that all the world’s projects would have to go to the GHSA DB to update this information. And how would we even know when and that it is desired?

The GHSA DB allows “community contributions” which in theory could allow us to provide updates. Except that GitHub very explicitly only allow such updates to packages within specific ares. A quote from their site:

Unfortunately, we cannot accept community contributions to advisories outside of our supported ecosystems

The “ecosystems” they talk about is then basically a dozen different package managers. curl is not part of any of those.

Tell the world even better?

In the curl project we highlight every confirmed security issue prominently in release notes and in release video presentations. We send out individual emails about each flaw to let the world know. Every issue is also posted to the oss-security mailing list.

Issues are also sent to MITRE for the official CVE Id database via our CNA: Hackerone. It should be noted however that the MITRE database never has an as complete and detailed description and overview of the problem as curl’s own descriptions have. The MITRE database is for looking up CVEs, not for getting the entire picture.

We have what I consider one of the most complete and detailed overview of past security vulnerabilities of any software project on our website to help users see exactly which flaws exist in which curl version.

Now we are discussing what more we can do in our end.

Credits

Thanks to [anonymous] who highlighted the NuGet situation for us.

cURL and libcurl

Fossified pilot episode

Henrik, Johan, Magnus and I are all Swedish “FOSS people” and friends since many years back.

We like open source. We work with Open Source. We have contributed to Open Source since a long time back. We also have slightly different backgrounds and areas of expertise so we don’t all just totally overlap.

We decided we wanted to try putting together a podcast and talk about all things FOSS: from lightweight news down to more deep dives and interviews and discussions with peeps who know more. With our takes and personal views applied of course.

We named it Fossified. We have recorded a first pilot where we test the concept a little, but more importantly this is just the beginning and we have created a GitHub repository where we collect program ideas and proposals.

We certainly need and appreciate your help. With ideas for topics and guests. Perhaps even with a logo or why not an intro song?

The Pilot

We have recorded our first episode. You can find it on our very fancy website fossified.com.

cURL and libcurl

Restocked on stickers

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I attended FOSDEM 2023 and over the two days of conference I gave away well over a thousand curl stickers. Every last curl sticker I had in my possession.

What does a curl maintainer do when he runs out of curl stickers? He restocks.

5400 stickes and 200 coasters arrived in a box.
Many stickers.
Two new sticker designs in a limited edition.

Getting stickers

Right now, the only way to get your hands on a set of these fine quality stickers is to meet me. Attend a talk that I do or a conference that I visit.

I might do another attempt at distributing stickers at a later point, but the last time did leave some scars I still haven’t gotten over!

cURL and libcurl

My 2023 dev machine

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My desktop computer is my trusted work machine that I do the majority of all my (curl) development on. When the 15th computer I’ve owned through the times was ten years old the time was ripe to bump things up a notch.

Requirements

I don’t do games (as in: never) and I don’t do any other 3D stuff. I just need my two 4K monitors to display my desktops and browser windows fine.

In my ordinary days I compile C code and I run tests. CPU and memory will be used to build and test faster and to be able to run separate VM runtimes in parallel without problems. I rarely even build very large or complicated software projects. (The days of building Firefox are long gone…)

Ideally, this upgrade will last for a long time again so I’ve tried to push it a little to increase those chances.

New machine

This new baby is (of course) built from components and I’ve relied heavily on advice, research and help by my brother Björn for this.

CPU

I’m a sucker for maximum single-thread performance. Lots of things I do still run in single-threaded in a single core so I think this is good for me.

The Intel Core i7-13700K at 3.4 GHz is benchmarked at a CPU Mark that is over 7 times faster than the CPU of my old machine. 16 cores, Socket 1700 Raptor Lake. “13th gen”

On cpubenchmark.net, this model is currently ranked 4th among all current CPUs in single-thread performance.

CPU Cooling

I think I’m not alone in having past happy experiences with Noctua. This time I use the Noctua NH-U12A, which I have gotten reports does a good job for this CPU.

Motherboard

Something to host the CPU that just does the job. MSI PRO B660M-A DDR4 is a small board, but I don’t need anything more.

Turned out to require a little dance to make it accept my CPU since the BIOS it shipped with did not support it, so we had to insert an older CPU first just in order to upgrade the BIOS to make it boot with the intended CPU!

Graphics

My plan is to start trying out the built-in Intel video capabilities. Nothing extra. Lots of space in the box!

Memory

I don’t think I’ve experienced a situation when I have run out of my memory in my current 32GB setup, so my original plan was to go with 64GB in this new machine. However it turned out that the motherboard does not work with all four slots using my 3600MHz memories at full speed and I decided it is better to start out with 32 really fast gigabytes than 64GB at 2100MHz (which was the alternative)!

Corsair Vengeance RGB PRO SL / 3600MHz / DDR4 / CL18. Two 16GB modules installed makes it 32GB in total. I can go 2x32GB in a future when if this turns out to be too limited.

RGB-LEDs on the memory modules is apparently a thing now.

Should be >50% faster than my old memory.

Storage

I am not a data hoarder. On the disks in my current machine I use just a few hundred gigabytes. 2 TB will give me sufficient space to play with for a while. My old machine had a 3 TB spinning disk so this is less room than before, but I don’t expect that to be a problem. This storage is speced doing 14 times faster reads than my previous SSD.

The Samsung 980 Pro series SSD 2TB M.2 (MZ-V8P2T0)

Power Supply

The Kolink Enclave / 600W / 80+ Gold is nothing special. A modular and cheap alternative that my preferred supplier happened to offer. Again, I will not run any power hungry graphics cards.

Case

Me and friends have been happy with Fractal Design cases in the past and a friend of mine mentioned that he recently purchased this model and is very happy, so I went with the Fractal Design Define 7 Compact / Solid.

Internals with motherboard and CPU cooler in place. Not a lot of extra things in this…

This is a big case for a what is otherwise a very small computer (need). Partly because of the recommendation but also partly because that my preferred supplier did not offer any smaller Fractal Design case at the moment. At least there will be lots of air in the box.

This case looks almost identical to my old case which will make my machine upgrade at least physically impossible to detect in my home office once installed.

Front interface from left to right: Reset button, Audio I/O, 1x USB 3.1 Gen 2 Type-C, Power button, 2x USB 2.0, 2x USB 3.0,

Speed comparisons

Here’s how the new beast compares to the old box when doing a few of my regular every day tasks.

Building stuff

On a typical curl debug build of mine, identical setups. Run-time in seconds on the new machine vs the old.

TaskOldNew
build curl with make -sj13.12.7
autoreconf -fi13.25.6
configure19.310.1
build in curl’s test directory30.17.6
run the first 200 curl tests with valgrind331194

Downloading 100 GB from http://localhost to /dev/null with curl. Old: 2248MB/sec. New: 4281MB/sec.

cURL and libcurl

7.88.1 the second final one

Things did not work out the way we had planned. The 7.88.0 release that was supposed to be the last curl version 7 release contained a nasty bug that made us decide that we better ship an update once that is fixed. This is the update. The second final version 7 release.

Release presentation

Numbers

the 214th release
0 changes
5 days (total: 9,103)
25 bug-fixes (total: 8,690)
32 commits (total: 29,853)
0 new public libcurl function (total: 91)
0 new curl_easy_setopt() option (total: 302)
0 new curl command line option (total: 250)
19 contributors, 7 new (total: 2,819)
10 authors, 1 new (total: 1,120)
0 security fixes (total: 135)

Bugfixes

As this is a rushed patch-release, there is only a small set of bugfixes merged in this cycle. The following notable bugs were fixed.

http2 multiplexed data corruption

The main bug that triggered the patch release. In some circumstances , when data was delivered as a HTTP/2 multiplexed stream, curl would get it wrong and cause the saved data to be corrupt. It would get the wrong data from the internal buffer.

This was not a new bug, but recent changes made it more likely to trigger.

make connect timeouts use full duration

In some cases curl would only allow half the given timeout period when doing connects.

runtests: fix “uninitialized value $port”

Running the test suite with verbose mode enabled, it would error out with this message. Since a short while back, we consider warnings in the test script fatal so this then aborts all the tests.

tests: make sure gnuserv-tls has SRP support before using it

The test suite uses gnuserv-tls to verify SRP authentication. It will only use this tool if found at startup, but due to recent changes in the GnuTLS project that ships this tool, it now builds with SRP disabled by default and thus can’t be used for this test. Now, the test script also checks that it actually supports SRP before trying to use it.

setopt: allow HTTP3 when HTTP2 is not defined

A regression made it impossible to ask for HTTP/3 if the build did not also support HTTP/2.

socketpair: allow EWOULDBLOCK when reading the pair check bytes

The fix in 7.88.0 turned out to cause occasional hiccups (on Windows at least) and this is a follow-up improvement for the verification of the socketpair emulation. When we create the pair and verify that it works, we must make sure that the code handles EWOULDBLOCK correctly.