All posts by Daniel Stenberg

cURL and libcurl

curl ping pong

Pretend that a ping pong ball represents a single curl installation somewhere in the world. Here’s a picture of one to help you get an image in your head.

Moving on with this game, you get one ball for every curl installation out there and your task is to put all those balls on top of each other. Okay, that’s hard to balance but for this game we can also pretend you have glue enough to make sure they stay like this. A tower of ping pong balls.

You soon realize that this is quite a lot of work. The balls keep pouring in.

How fast can you build?

If you manage to do this construction work non-stop at the rate of one ball per second (which seems like it maybe would be hard after a while but let’s not make that ruin the fun), it will keep you occupied for no less than a little bit over 317 years. (That also assumes the number of curl installations doesn’t grow significantly in the mean time.)

That’s a lot of ping pong balls. Ten billion of them, give or take.

Assuming you have friends to help you build this tower you can probably build it faster. If you can instead sustain a rate of 1000 balls per second, you’d be done in less than four months.

One official ping pong ball weighs 2.7 grams. It makes a total of 27,000 tonnes of balls. That’s quite some pressure on such a small surface. You better make sure to build the tower on something solid. The heaviest statue in the world is the Statue of Liberty in New York, clocking in at 24,500 tonnes.

That takes a lot of balls

But wait, the biggest ping pong ball manufacturer in the world (Double Happiness, in China – yes it’s really called that) “only” produces 200 million balls per year. It would take them 50 years to make balls for this tower. You clearly need to engage many factories.

You can get 100 balls for roughly 10 USD on Amazon right now. Maybe not the best balls to play with, but I think they might still suit this game. That’s a billion US dollars for the balls. Maybe you’d get a discount, but you’d also drastically increase demand, so…

How tall is that?

A tower of ten billion ping pong balls, how tall is that? It would reach the moon.

The diameter of a ping pong ball is 40 mm (it was officially increased from 38 mm back in 2000). This makes 25 balls per meter of tower. Conveniently aligned for our game here.

10,000,000,000 balls / 25 balls per meter = 400,000,000 meters. 400,000 km.

Distance from earth to moon? 384,400 km. The fully built tower is actually a little taller than the average distance to the moon! Here’s another picture to help you get an image in your head. (Although this image is not drawn to scale!)

A challenge will of course be to keep this very thin tower steady when that tall. Winds and low temperatures should be challenging. And there’s the additional risk of airplanes or satellites colliding with it. Or even just birds interfering in the lower altitudes. I suspect there are also laws prohibiting such a construction.

Never mind

Come to think of it. This was just a mind game. Forget about it now. Let’s move on with our lives instead. We have better things to do.

cURL and libcurl

curl 7.72.0 – more compression

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Welcome to another release, seven weeks since we did the patch release 7.71.1. This time we add a few new subtle features so the minor number is bumped yet again. Details below.

Release presentation video

Numbers

the 194th release
3 changes
49 days (total: 8,188)
100 bug fixes (total: 6,327)
134 commits (total: 26,077)
0 new public libcurl function (total: 82)
0 new curl_easy_setopt() option (total: 277)
0 new curl command line option (total: 232)
52 contributors, 29 new (total: 2,239)
30 authors, 14 new (total: 819)
1 security fix (total: 95)
500 USD paid in Bug Bounties (total: 2,800 USD)

Security

CVE-2020-8132: “libcurl: wrong connect-only connection”. This a rather obscure issue that we’ve graded severity Low. There’s a risk that an application that’s using libcurl to do connect-only connections (ie not doing the full transfer with libcurl, just using it to setup the connection) accidentally sends or reads data over the wrong connection, as libcurl could mix them up internally in rare circumstances.

We rewarded 500 USD to the reporter of this security flaw.

Features

This is the first curl release that supports zstd compression. zstd is a yet another way to compressed content data over HTTP and if curl supports it, it can then automatically decompress it on the fly. zstd is designed to compress better and faster than gzip and if I understand the numbers shown, it is less CPU intensive than brotli. In pure practical terms, curl will ask for this compression in addition to the other supported algorithms if you tell curl you want compressed content. zstd is still not widely supported by browsers.

For clients that supports HTTP/2 and server push, libcurl now allows the controlling callback (“should this server push be accepted?”) to return an error code that will tear down the entire connection.

There’s a new option for curl_easy_getinfo called CURLINFO_EFFECTIVE_METHOD that lets the application ask libcurl what the most resent request method used was. This is relevant in case you’ve allowed libcurl to follow redirects for a POST where it might have changed the method as a result of what particular HTTP response the server responded with.

Bug-fixes

Here are a collection of bug-fixes I think stood out a little extra in this cycle.

cmake: fix windows xp build

I just love the fact that someone actually tried to build curl for Windows XP, noticed it failed in doing so and provided the fix to make it work again…

curl: improve the existing file check with -J

There were some minor mistakes in the code that checks if the file you get when you use -J already existed. That logic has now been tightened. Presumably not a single person ever actually had an actual problem with that before either, but…

ftp: don’t do ssl_shutdown instead of ssl_close

We landed an FTPS regression in 7.71.1 where we accidentally did the wrong function call when closing down the data connection. It could make consecutive FTPS transfers terribly slow.

http2: repair trailer handling

We had another regression reported where HTTP trailers when using HTTP/2 really didn’t work. Obviously not a terribly well-used feature…

http2: close the http2 connection when no more requests may be sent

Another little HTTP/2 polish: make sure that connections that have received a GOAWAY is marked for closure so that it gets closed sooner rather than later as no new streams can be created on it anyway!

multi_remove_handle: close unused connect-only connections

“connect-only connections” are those where the application asks libcurl to just connect to the site and not actually perform any request or transfer. Previously when that was done, the connection would remain in the multi handle until it was closed and it couldn’t be reused. Starting now, when the easy handle that “owns” the connection is removed from the multi handle the associated connect-only connection will be closed and removed. This is just sensible.

ngtcp2: adapt to changes

ngtcp2 is a QUIC library and is used in one of the backends curl supports for HTTP/3. HTTP/3 in curl is still marked experimental and we aim at keeping the latest curl code work with the latest QUIC libraries – since they’re both still “pre-beta” versions and don’t do releases yet. So, if you find that the HTTP/3 build fails, make sure you use the latest git commits of all the h3 components!

quiche: handle calling disconnect twice

If curl would call the QUIC disconnect function twice, using the quiche backend, it would crash hard. Would happen if you tried to connect to a host that didn’t listen to the UDP port at all for example…

setopt: unset NOBODY switches to GET if still HEAD

We recently fixed a bug for storing the HTTP method internally and due to refactored code, the behavior of unsetting the CURLOPT_NOBODY option changed slightly. There was never any promise as to what exactly that would do – but apparently several users had already drawn conclusions and written applications based on that. We’ve now adapted somewhat to that presumption on undocumented behavior by documenting better what it should do and by putting back some code to back it up…

http2: move retrycount from connect struct to easy handle

Yet another HTTP/2 fix. In a recent release we fixed a problem that materialized when libcurl received a GOAWAY on a stream for a HTTP/2 connection, and it would then instead try a new connection to issue the request over and that too would get a GOAWAY. libcurl will do these retry attempts up to 5 times but due to a mistake, the counter was stored wrongly and was cleared when each new connection was made…

url: fix CURLU and location following

libcurl supports two ways of setting the URL to work with. The good old string to the entire URL and the option CURLOPT_CURLU where you provide the handle to an already parsed URL. The latter is of course a much newer option and it turns out that libcurl didn’t properly handle redirects when the URL was set with this latter option!

Coming up

There are already several Pull Requests waiting in line to get merged that add new features and functionality. We expect the next release to become 7.73.0 and ship on October 14, 2020. Fingers crossed.

Network

Fiber breakage, day 4

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Aaaaaaah.

Warning to sensitive viewers, this is seriously scary stuff. So this happened Monday and I’m still to see any service people show up here to help me restore my life (I of course requested help within minutes). What you see here is a fiber that’s been cut off – the fiber that goes into my house. Turns out even a small excavator can do great damage. Who knew?!

We’re now forced to survive on LTE only and the household suddenly has gotten a much bigger appreciation for the regular 1000/1000 mbit connectivity…

Friday 14th: a service guy was here, repaired the “cable” but failed to “blow in” a new fiber into the tube. According to him, there’s some kind of dust/rubbish now in the tube that’s in the way so it became a larger issue. He had to take off again and says they need to come back next week…

cURL and libcurl

Using fixed port numbers for curl tests is now history!

Test suite basics

The curl test suite fires up a whole bunch of test servers for the various supported protocols, and then command lines using curl or libcurl-using dedicated test apps are run against those servers to make sure curl is acting exactly as it is supposed to.

The curl test suite was introduced back in the year 2000 and has of course grown and been developed substantially since then.

Each test server is invoked and handles a specific protocol or set of protocols, so to make sure curl’s 24 transfer protocols are tested, a lot of test server instances are spun up. The test servers normally don’t shut down after each individual test but instead keep running in case there are more tests for that protocol for speedier operations. When all tests are completed, all the test servers are shut down again.

Port numbers

The protocols curl communicates with are all done over TCP or UDP, and therefore each test server needs to listen to a dedicated port so that the tests can be invoked and curl can use the protocols correctly.

We started the test suite once by using port number 8990 as a default “base port”, and then each subsequent server it invokes gets the next port number. A full round can use up to 30 or so ports.

The script needed to know what port number to use so that it could invoke the tests to use the correct port number. But port numbers are both a scarce resource and a resource that can only be used by one server at a time, so if you would simultaneously invoke the curl test suite a second time on the same machine, it would cause havoc since it would attempt to use the same port numbers again.

Not to mention that when various users run the test suite on their machines, on servers or in CI jobs, just assuming or hoping that we could use a range of 30 fixed port numbers is error-prone and it would occasionally cause us trouble.

Dynamic port numbers

A few months ago, in April 2020, I started the work on changing how the curl test suite uses port numbers for its test servers. Each used test server would instead get fired up on a totally random port number, and then feed back that number to the test script that then would use the actually used port number to run the tests against.

It took some rearranging of internal logic to make sure things still worked and that the comparison of the generated protocol etc still would work. Then it was “just” a matter of converting over all test servers to this new dynamic concept and made sure that there was no old-style assumptions lingering around in the test cases.

Some of the more tricky changes for this new paradigm was the protocol parts that use the port number in data where curl base64 encodes the chunk and sends it to the server.

Reaching the end of that journey

The final fixed port number in the curl test suite was removed when we merged PR 5783 on August 7 2020. Now, every test in curl that needs a port number uses a dynamic port number.

Now we can run “make test” from multiple shells on the same machine in parallel without problems.

It can allow us to improve the test suite further and maybe for example run multiple tests in parallel in order to reduce the total execution time. It will avoid future port collisions. A small, but very good step forward.

Yay.

Credits

Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

cURL and libcurl

Upcoming Webinar: curl: How to Make Your First Code Contribution

When: Aug 13, 2020 10:00 AM Pacific Time (US and Canada) (17:00 UTC)
Length: 30 minutes

Abstract: curl is a wildly popular and well-used open source tool and library, and is the result of more than 2,200 named contributors helping out. Over 800 individuals wrote at least one commit so far.

In this presentation, curl’s lead developer Daniel Stenberg talks about how any developer can proceed in order to get their first code contribution submitted and ultimately landed in the curl git repository. Approach to code and commits, style, editing, pull-requests, using github etc. After you’ve seen this, you’ll know how to easily submit your improvement to curl and potentially end up running in ten billion installations world-wide.

Register in advance for this webinar:
https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_poAshmaRT0S02J7hNduE7g

cURL and libcurl

curl ootw: –path-as-is

Previous options of the week.

--path-as-is is a boolean option that was added in curl 7.42.0.

Path normalization in URLs

I hope it isn’t a surprise to you that curl works on URLs. It’s one of the fundamental pillars of curl. The “URLs” curl work with are actually called “URIs” in the IETF specs and the primary specification for them is RFC 3986. (But also: my URL is not your URL…)

A URL can be split up into several different components, which is typically done by the “URL parser” in a program like curl. For example , we can identify a scheme, a host name and a path.

When a program is given a URL, and the program has identified the path part of that URL – it is supposed to “Remove Dot Segments” (to use the wording from RFC 3986) before that path is used.

Remove Dot Segments

Let me show you this with an example to make it clear. Ponder that you pass this URL to curl: "https://example.org/hello/../to/../your/../file". Those funny dot-dot sequences in there is traditional directory traversal speak for “one directory up”, while a single "./" means in the same directory.

RFC 3986 says these sequences should be removed, so curl will iterate and remove them accordingly. A sequence like "word/../" will effectively evaluate to nothing. The example URL above will be massaged into the final version: "https://example.org/file" and so curl will ask the server for just /file.

Compare the HTTP requests

Seen as pure HTTP 1.1, the result of the command line used without --path-as-is:

GET /file HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
user-agent: curl/7.71.0
accept: */*

Same command line, with --path-as-is:

GET /hello/../to/../your/../file HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
user-agent: curl/7.71.1
accept: */*

Trick thy server

HTTP servers have over the years been found to have errors and mistakes in how they handle paths and a common way to exploit such flaws has been to pass on exactly this kind of dot-dot sequences to servers.

The very minute curl started removing these sequences (as the spec tells us) security researcher objected and asked for ways to tell curl to not do this. Enter --path-as-is. Use this option to make curl send the path exactly as provided in the URL, without removing any dot segments.

Related options

Other curl options that allow you to customize HTTP request details include --header, --request and --request-target.

cURL and libcurl

curl ootw: –silent

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Previous options of the week.

--silent (-s) existed in curl already in the first ever version released: 4.0.

Silent by default

I’ve always enjoyed the principles of Unix command line tool philosophy and I’ve tried to stay true to them in the design and implementation of the curl command line tool: everything is a pipe, don’t “speak” more than necessary by default.

As a result of the latter guideline, curl features the --verbose option if you prefer it to talk and explain more about what’s going on. By default – when everything is fine – it doesn’t speak much extra.

Initially: two things were “spoken”

To show users that something is happening during a command line invoke that takes a long time, we added a “progress meter” display. But since you can also ask curl to output text or data in the terminal, curl has logic to automatically switch off the progress meter display to avoid content output to get mixed with it.

Of course we very quickly figured out that there are also other use cases where the progress meter was annoying so we needed to offer a way to shut it off. To keep silent! --silent was the obvious choice for option name and -s was conveniently still available.

The other thing that curl “speaks” by default is the error message. If curl fails to perform the transfer or operation as asked to, it will output a single line message about it when it is done, and then return an error code.

When we added an option called --silent to make curl be truly silent, we also made it hush the error message. curl still returns an error code, so shell scripts and similar environments that invoke curl can still detect errors perfectly fine. Just possibly slightly less human friendly.

But I want my errors?

In May 1999, the tool was just fourteen months old, we added --show-error (-S) for users that wanted to curl to be quiet in general but still wanted to see the error message in case it failed. The -Ss combination has been commonly used ever since.

More information added

Over time we’ve made the tool more complex and we’ve felt that it needs some more informational output in some cases. For example, when you use --retry, curl will say something that it will try again etc. The reason is of course that --verbose is really verbose so its not really the way to ask for such little extra helpful info.

Only shut off the progress meter

Not too long ago, we ended up with a new situation where the --silent option is a bit too silent since it also disables the text for retry etc so what if you just want to shut off the progress meter?

--no-progress-meter was added for that, which thus is a modern replacement for --silent in many cases.